Congenital/leaflet abnormalities
- Bicuspid, unicuspid, or quadricuspid aortic valve
- Ventricular septal defect
Acquired leaflet abnormalities
- Senile calcification
- Infective endocarditis
- Rheumatic disease
- Radiation-induced valvulopathy
- Toxin-induced valvulopathy: anorectic drugs, 5-hydroxytryptamine (carcinoid)
Congenital/genetic aortic root abnormalities
- Annuloaortic ectasia
- Connective tissue disease: Loeys Deitz, Ehlers-Danlos, Marfan syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta
Acquired aortic root abnormalities
- Idiopathic aortic root dilatation
- Systemic hypertension
- Autoimmune disease: systemic lupus erythematosis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter’s syndrome
- Aortitis: syphilitic, Takayasu’s arteritis
- Aortic dissection
- Trauma
Colour Doppler
- Jet width/ LVOT diameter
- Jet area/LVOT area
- Vena Contracta
- 3D Vena Contracta
- Pulsed wave Doppler: Flow reversal in proximal descending aorta
- Density of regurgitant jet
- Jet deceleration rate (pressure half-time)
Quantitative Doppler
- EROA, regurgitation volume and fraction
- SV method
Coming Soon